In the context of globalization and internationalization, more and more students have the opportunities to study abroad which has aroused extensive research on the subject of student mobility. By constructing a typology of student mobility, this article sets out to broaden the analytic framework before focusing on a particular phenomenon of student mobility, namely cross-border intra-ethnic student mobility along the borderline in southwest China. Following a review of the historical progression of cross-border ethnic student mobility, the article reveals that the prevailing theory of student mobility has a limited utility when applied to cross-border ethnic student mobility, which is unique in many respects, especially due to the historically strong ethnic ties which laid the foundation for this specific type of student mobility. Using a mixed quantitative and qualitative analysis, a comparison of four different cross-border ethnic schools further illustrates the heterogeneity within cross-border ethnic education. Geographic conditions and resource constraints are the main factors influencing the functional boundaries of ethnic foundations, which further imply various solutions concerning the sustainability and evolving pathways of cross-border ethnic education. Finally, after discussing the limitations of the current research, some suggestions for future research directions are provided, highlighting the need for more reflection and investigation from multilevel perspectives.
Published in | International Journal of Elementary Education (Volume 9, Issue 3) |
DOI | 10.11648/j.ijeedu.20200903.12 |
Page(s) | 60-70 |
Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group |
China-Myanmar Border, Cross-border Ethnic Education, Heterogeneity, Student Mobility, Typology
[1] | OECD. (2018). Education at a Glance 2018: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing. http://doi:10.1787/eag-2018-en. |
[2] | Abella, M. (2006). Global competition for skilled workers and consequences. In C. Kuptsch & E. Pang (Eds.), Competing for Global Talent (pp. 11–32). Geneva, Switzerland: ILO. |
[3] | Findlay, A. M. (2011). An assessment of supply and demand-side theorizations of international student mobility. International Migration, 49 (2), 162−190. |
[4] | Wit, H. D. (2015). Recent trends and issues in international student mobility. International Higher Education, 59, 13−14. |
[5] | Choudaha, R., & Chang, L. (2012). Trends in international student mobility. Accessed 22, December 2012, from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2184988. |
[6] | Choudaha, R. (2017). Three waves of international student mobility (1999–2020). Studies in Higher Education, 42 (5), 825−832. |
[7] | Appelt, S., Beuzekom, B. V., Galindo-Rueda, F., & Pinho, R. D. (2015). Which factors influence the international mobility of research scientists? In Geuna, A. (Eds.), Global Mobility of Research Scientists (Ch. 7, pp. 177−213). Salt Lake City, Utah: Academic Press. |
[8] | Xiong, C. (2009). “Words-up-moving”: The new trend of China's rural education since late 1990s. Sociological Studies, 5, 110−245. |
[9] | Wu, Z., & Shi, N. (2011). The trends and policy issues for rural school layout and adjustment in the last decade in China. Educational Research, 7, 22−30. |
[10] | Liu, X. (2018). Rural education changes in the forty years of reform and opening up from the perspective of urbanization. Research in Educational Development, 17, 64−70. |
[11] | Li, N. (2018, October 8). Zhongguo Youduoshao Liudong Er’tong He Liushou Er’tong [How many migrant children and left-behind children are there in China]. Accessed 8, October 2018, from http://www.sohu.com/a/258196622_100291829 |
[12] | UNESCO (2013). The International Mobility of Students in Asia and the Pacific. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002262/226219E.pdf |
[13] | Menahem, G. (2010). Cross-border, cross-ethnic, and transnational networks of a trapped minority: Israeli Arab citizens in Tel Aviv-Jaffa. Global Networks, 10 (4), 529−546. |
[14] | Hu, Y., Li, Y., & Guo, A. (2013). Myanmar students in Frontier Elementary School in Yunnan. Accessed 27, February 2013, from http://cnews.chinadaily.com.cn/2013-02/27/content_16262201_2.htm |
[15] | He, Q., & Liu, H. (2013). Analysis on the education situation for foreign students of cross-border ethnic groups in Yunnan. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University, 7 (1), 77−82. |
[16] | Yin, H. (2003). The educational competition on the frontier. Journal of Nanfengchuang, 11, 50−52. |
[17] | He, Y. (2010). On rising and development of the cross-border ethnic education in Yunnan and peripheral countries. Around Southeast Asia, 6, 40−44. |
[18] | Ministry of Education of People’s Republic of China. (2001). Guanyu Zhiding Zhongxiaoxue Jiaozhigong Bianzhi Biaozhun de Yijian [Opinions on the establishment of standards for the staffing in primary and secondary schools]. Accessed 8, October 2001, from http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/moe_1777/moe_1778/201001/t20100129_180778.html |
[19] | He, Y., & Gao, H. (2010). The education issues of Yunnan cross-border ethnic groups in the perspective of cultural safety. Journal of Yunnan Normal University, 42 (4), 35−41. |
[20] | Li, F. (2016). Implementation challenges for the education policy for international students receiving China's compulsory education in the border areas and possible solutions: A case study at Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province. Journal of Yunnan Minzu University, 33 (6), 140−147. |
[21] | Huang, X., & Liao, S. (2017). On the construction of national identity consciousness in cross-border areas of Yunnan—Ruili elementary school as an example. Journal of Honghe University, 15 (4), 125−128. |
[22] | Luo, Q. (2017). Development of basic education in areas of transboundary ethnic groups in Lincang Prefecture: Current situation and solutions. Journal of Chuxiong Normal University, 32 (6), 32−36. |
[23] | Wang, Y., Yin, L., & Dong, S. (2017). A study on Burmese students’ cross-border admission in Sino-Burmese borderlands—Based on the survey from the Prefecture of Dehong in Yunnan Province. Academic Exploration, 12, 140−145. |
[24] | Liu, Q., Liang, L., Liang, S., Ge, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, H., & Wu, Y. (2011). The educational frontier on southwest border: A research on the current situation of the country gateway schools of Yunnan. Journal of Guangxi Normal University, 47 (6), 104−109. |
[25] | Zhu, J., & Song, K. (2014). Thoughts on developing elementary education in cross-border ethnic areas—A case Study of Dehong Prefecture in Yunnan. Journal of Baoshan College, 33 (6), 75−78. |
[26] | Tian, S. (2017). Means of livelihood and living space of registered Burmese nationals living in the towns in the Sino-Burmese border area—Based on an investigation in Ruili, Yunnan. Journal of Ethnology, 1, 75−83. |
[27] | He, Y., & Gao, H. (2012). Soft power of the cross-border ethnic education in Yunnan. Journal of Yunnan Nationalities University, 29 (6), 126−131. |
[28] | Wang, Y., Yang, J., & Yang, X. (2018). Challenges of the opening of frontier education in Yunnan Province: Based on the investigation of Myanmar students in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture. Journal of Dali University, 3 (3), 119−123. |
[29] | Fang, T., & He, Y. (2017). The paradox of “dropouts due to wealthier conditions” in the development of ethnic minorities' education—Taking the economic forests in the border area of Yunnan Province as a case study. Journal of Ethnology, 8 (4), 45−53. |
[30] | He, Y., & Gao, H. (2011). On the cross-border education and the cross-border ethnic education in Yunnan. Journal of Yunnan Nationalities University, 28 (2), 5−9. |
[31] | Gao, Z., & Sha, L. (2014). Religious demand and cross-border mobility—A case study of cross-border ethnic Christianity in Sino-Burmese borderlands. World Religions Research, 6, 108−116. |
[32] | Xu, Z., & Liu, H. (2016). Historical patterns and stage features in the cross-border Christianity interactions in Sino-Burmese border areas. World Religion Culture, 3, 78−89. |
[33] | Qiao, G., & Wang, Yu. (2015). Research on cross-border education in frontier elementary schools in Ruili from cultural reproduction perspective. Journal of Puer College, 2, 125−129. |
APA Style
Xue Zhang. (2020). A Unique Type of Student Mobility: Exploring the Dynamics of Cross-border Ethnic Education Along China−Myanmar Border. International Journal of Elementary Education, 9(3), 60-70. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijeedu.20200903.12
ACS Style
Xue Zhang. A Unique Type of Student Mobility: Exploring the Dynamics of Cross-border Ethnic Education Along China−Myanmar Border. Int. J. Elem. Educ. 2020, 9(3), 60-70. doi: 10.11648/j.ijeedu.20200903.12
AMA Style
Xue Zhang. A Unique Type of Student Mobility: Exploring the Dynamics of Cross-border Ethnic Education Along China−Myanmar Border. Int J Elem Educ. 2020;9(3):60-70. doi: 10.11648/j.ijeedu.20200903.12
@article{10.11648/j.ijeedu.20200903.12, author = {Xue Zhang}, title = {A Unique Type of Student Mobility: Exploring the Dynamics of Cross-border Ethnic Education Along China−Myanmar Border}, journal = {International Journal of Elementary Education}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {60-70}, doi = {10.11648/j.ijeedu.20200903.12}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijeedu.20200903.12}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijeedu.20200903.12}, abstract = {In the context of globalization and internationalization, more and more students have the opportunities to study abroad which has aroused extensive research on the subject of student mobility. By constructing a typology of student mobility, this article sets out to broaden the analytic framework before focusing on a particular phenomenon of student mobility, namely cross-border intra-ethnic student mobility along the borderline in southwest China. Following a review of the historical progression of cross-border ethnic student mobility, the article reveals that the prevailing theory of student mobility has a limited utility when applied to cross-border ethnic student mobility, which is unique in many respects, especially due to the historically strong ethnic ties which laid the foundation for this specific type of student mobility. Using a mixed quantitative and qualitative analysis, a comparison of four different cross-border ethnic schools further illustrates the heterogeneity within cross-border ethnic education. Geographic conditions and resource constraints are the main factors influencing the functional boundaries of ethnic foundations, which further imply various solutions concerning the sustainability and evolving pathways of cross-border ethnic education. Finally, after discussing the limitations of the current research, some suggestions for future research directions are provided, highlighting the need for more reflection and investigation from multilevel perspectives.}, year = {2020} }
TY - JOUR T1 - A Unique Type of Student Mobility: Exploring the Dynamics of Cross-border Ethnic Education Along China−Myanmar Border AU - Xue Zhang Y1 - 2020/09/21 PY - 2020 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijeedu.20200903.12 DO - 10.11648/j.ijeedu.20200903.12 T2 - International Journal of Elementary Education JF - International Journal of Elementary Education JO - International Journal of Elementary Education SP - 60 EP - 70 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2328-7640 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijeedu.20200903.12 AB - In the context of globalization and internationalization, more and more students have the opportunities to study abroad which has aroused extensive research on the subject of student mobility. By constructing a typology of student mobility, this article sets out to broaden the analytic framework before focusing on a particular phenomenon of student mobility, namely cross-border intra-ethnic student mobility along the borderline in southwest China. Following a review of the historical progression of cross-border ethnic student mobility, the article reveals that the prevailing theory of student mobility has a limited utility when applied to cross-border ethnic student mobility, which is unique in many respects, especially due to the historically strong ethnic ties which laid the foundation for this specific type of student mobility. Using a mixed quantitative and qualitative analysis, a comparison of four different cross-border ethnic schools further illustrates the heterogeneity within cross-border ethnic education. Geographic conditions and resource constraints are the main factors influencing the functional boundaries of ethnic foundations, which further imply various solutions concerning the sustainability and evolving pathways of cross-border ethnic education. Finally, after discussing the limitations of the current research, some suggestions for future research directions are provided, highlighting the need for more reflection and investigation from multilevel perspectives. VL - 9 IS - 3 ER -